• By Dartington SRU
• Posted on Thursday 29^th May, 2014

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Blueprints emerge from Columbine wreckage

Crisis can become a catalyst for considered change. That has been the experience of Del Elliott, editor and founder of Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development.

On Tuesday 20th April 1999, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold walked into their school in Columbine, Colorado, and killed 12 of their fellow students and one teacher. Another 24 were injured. Harris and Klebold then committed suicide.

The massacre instigated lots of debates. The availability of firearms - including a pump-action shot gun and explosives - to two adolescent boys was naturally a focus of attention.

The role of the internet was another. Harris had created a website on which he blogged about how to make a bomb and how much trouble he and Klebold were prepared to cause.

Medication was another point of discussion. Harris had been referred to a consultant psychiatrist and was prescribed the anti-depressants Zoloft and Luvox.

In many ways speculation was futile. For all the rights and wrongs about US gun laws, most young people with a firearm would never dream of using it on a fellow student. The most irrational bloggers are highly unlikely to turn their fantasies into reality. And there is no scientific link between medication for emotional disorders and the extraordinary violence meted out by Harris and Klebold.

There was at the time an emerging consensus about the kinds of risks - for young children - that lead to aggression and violence in adolescence. Boys from poor families with a parent prone to violence were far more likely to continue along this trajectory.

Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold did not fit this profile. They came from ‘good families’ and were relatively well off. They were liked by their teachers and other children until they went into middle and high school.

Some children, on the other hand, are not drawn into violence and aggression until they reach their teens, and for them the risks are different.

It is less to do with heritable traits and more with how well children are cared for and the role of their peer group. This is where Harris and Klebold did fit the pattern.

The evidence for different trajectories of youth violence was later enshrined in the US Surgeon General’s report of 2001. But what to do about it?

The challenge was to discover what worked to reduce these risks, and what helped protect children from their damaging effects.

Mapping out the Blueprints

Rather than trying to eradicate high school massacres, Elliott made a tactical decision to pursue a more public health approach, to reduce aggression and violence in schools more broadly.

Too much choice was the initial problem. Elliott and his team unearthed over 700 programmes that claimed to reduce aggression, violence and other anti-social behaviour in young people.

But four-fifths had no credible evaluation. And most of those that had been rigorously evaluated did not make an impact on children's behaviour. There were also those, like Scared Straight, that are actually harmful, and others, like DARE, that are expensive and simply doesn’t work.

One of the major contributions of Blueprints has been to define what proves an intervention is effective. The Blueprints website gives a much more detailed explanation of its standards but essentially interventions must have been shown to make an impact by at least one randmised controlled trial or two quasi-experimental design studies. Attention to potential side-effects and threats to internal validity is also part of the equation.

Today, Blueprints is funded by the Annie E. Casey Foundation. With this funding, outcomes have been expanded to include not only problem behaviour but also education, emotional well-being, physical health and positive relationships. The result is a database containing 10 model programmes and 37 promising ones (out of more then 1,100 reviewed), as well as information on implementation issues. They hold a conference in Denver every other year bringing together over 1,000 like-minded scientists and practitioners.

There have been campus killings since Columbine, and there will be more in the future. But Elliott’s work has done more than most to reduce the risk of such events. A by-product has been to find ways of lessening aggressive and violent behaviour by all school children.

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